India’s
achievement in
the field of
Communication
Satellite and
Future Projects
Introduction
A communications satellite (sometimes abbreviated to comsat) is an artificial satellite stationed in space for the purposes of telecommunications. Modern communications satellites use a variety of orbits including geostationary orbits, Molniya orbits, other elliptical orbits and low (polar and non-polar) Earth orbits.
For fixed (point-to-point) services, communications satellites provide a microwave radio relay technology complementary to that of submarine communication cables. They are also used for mobile applications such as communications to ships, vehicles, planes and hand-held terminals, and for TV and radio broadcasting, for which application of other technologies, such as cable, is impractical or impossible.
India first experimented with geosynchronous telecommunications relays in 1981 and now has three active spacecraft in GEO. Moreover, the launch of INSAT 2A in July, 1992, marked the debut of India's first domestically built operational GEO space-craft. In a departure from most nations, India's GEO platforms combine a communications mission with that of Earth observation.
• APPLE
• INSAT 1
• INSAT 2
• INSAT 3
• ASC Network
India undertook the Satellite Instructional Television Experiment (SITE) in 1975-76 to telecast a series of educational programs on health, family planning, agriculture and the like to over 2,500 Indian villages via the US satellite, ATS-6. It was the largest sociological experiment ever carried out in the world. The Satellite Telecommunication Experimental Project (STEP), conducted using Franco-German Symphonie satellite during 1977-79, was another major demonstration of communication applications of space.
India has registered an impressive growth in the telecom sector. Over the years the country has developed a vast telecom network comprising over 25000 telephone exchanges and 21.5 million working connections. There is a large network of optical fibre cables, digital microwave and satellite communication systems. A very strong industrial base has been built in the telecom sector with a large number of national and multinational telecom companies.
A number of policy changes have been made in the recent past which, if implemented, are bound to have a significant impact on the telecom scenario. The most significant among the changes is the announcement of a New Telecom Policy (NTP) 1999. The policy envisages development of telecom facilities in remote, rural and tribal areas of the country and their availability to the masses at affordable costs. The NTP 1999, which has come into effect from April 1, 1999, aims at making telephones available on demand by the year 2002 and to achieve teledensity of seven per hundred persons by the year 2005. In case of rural areas, the current teledensity is proposed to be raised from 0.4 to 4 by the year 2010. The policy document of NTP outlines rapid growth in the telecom sector in India with a projected teledensity of 15 by the year 2010. This will require a massive investment of over 23 billion dollars in the next five
Communication
satellites launched
by India till date
Sl.No. Satellite Launch Date Achievements
1. Aryabhata
19.04.1975 First Indian satellite. Provided technological experience in building and operating a satellite system. Launched by Russian launch vehicle Intercosmos.
2. Bhaskara-I
07.06.1979 First experimental remote sensing satellite. Carried TV and microwave cameras. Launched by Russian launch vehicle Intercosmos.
3. Bhaskara-II
20.11.1981 Second experimental remote sensing satellite similar to Bhaskara-1. Provided experience in building and operating a remote sensing satellite system on an end-to-end basis. Launched by Russian launch vehicle Intercosmos.
4. Ariane Passenger Payload Experiment (APPLE)
19.06.1981 First experimental communication satellite. Provided experience in building and operating a three-axis stabilised communication satellite. Launched by the European Ariane.
5. Rohini Technology Payload (RTP)
10.08.1979 Intended for measuring in-flight performance of first experimental flight of SLV-3, the first Indian launch vehicle. Could not be placed in orbit.
6. Rohini (RS-1) 18.07.1980 Used for measuring in-flight performance of second experimental launch of SLV-3.
7. Rohini (RS-D1) 31.05.1981 Used for conducting some remote sensing technology studies using a landmark sensor payload. Launched by the first developmental launch of SLV-3
8. Rohini (RS-D2) 17.04.1983 Identical to RS-D1. Launched by the second developmental launch of SLV-3.
9. Stretched Rohini Satellite Series (SROSS-1)
24.03.1987 Carried payload for launch vehicle performance monitoring and for Gamma Ray astronomy. Could not be placed in orbit.
10. Stretched Rohini Satellite Series (SROSS-2) 13.07.1988 Carried remote sensing payload of German space agency in addition to Gamma Ray astronomy payload. Could not be placed in orbit.
11. Stretched Rohini Satellite Series (SROSS-C) 20.05.1992 Launched by third developmental flight of ASLV. Carried Gamma Ray astronomy and aeronomy payload.
12. Stretched Rohini Satellite Series (SROSS-C2) 04.05.1994 Launched by fourth developmental flight of ASLV. Identical to SROSS-C. Still in service.
Indian National Satellite System (INSAT)
13. INSAT-1A 10.04.1982 First operational multi-purpose communication and meteorology satellite procured from USA. Worked only for six months. Launched by US Delta launch vehicle.
14. INSAT-1B 30.08.1983 Identical to INSAT-1A. Served for more than design life of seven years. Launched by US Space Shuttle.
15. INSAT-1C 21.07.1988 Same as INSAT-1A. Served for only one and a half years. Launched by European Ariane launch vehicle.
16. INSAT-1D 12.06.1990 Identical to INSAT-1A. Launched by US Delta launch vehicle. Still in service.
17. INSAT-2A 10.07.1992 First satellite in the second-generation Indian-built INSAT-2 series. Has enhanced capability than INSAT-1 series. Launched by European Ariane launch vehicle. Still in service.
18. INSAT-2B 23.07.1993 Second satellite in INSAT-2 series. Identical to INSAT-2A. Launched by European Ariane launch vehicle. Still in service.
19. INSAT-2C 07.12.1995 Has additional capabilities such as mobile satellite service, business communication and television outreach beyond Indian boundaries. Launched by European launch vehicle. In service.
20. INSAT-2D 04.06.1997 Same as INSAT-2C. Launched by European launch vehicle Ariane. Inoperable since Oct 4, 97 due to power bus anomaly.
21. INSAT-2DT January 1998 Procured in orbit from ARABSAT
22. INSAT-2E 03.04.1999 Multipurpose communication & meteorological satellite launched by Ariane.
23. INSAT-3B 22.03.2000 Multipurpose communication - business communication, developmental communication and mobile communication purpose.
24. GSAT-1 18.04.2001 Experimental Satellite for the first developmental flight of Geo-synchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle, GSLV-D1.
25. INSAT-3C 24.01.2002 To augment the existing INSAT capacity for communication and broadcasting, besides providing continuity of the services of INSAT-2C.
26. KALPANA-1 12.09.2002 METSAT was the first exclusive meteorological satellite built by ISRO named after Kalpana Chawla.
27. INSAT-3A 10.04.2003 Multipurpose Satellite for communication and broadcasting, besides providing meteorological services along with INSAT-2E and KALPANA-1.
28. GSAT-2 08.05.2003 Experimental Satellite for the second developmental test flight of India's Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle, GSLV
29. INSAT-3E 28.09.2003 Exclusive communication satellite to augment the existing INSAT System.
30. EDUSAT 20.09.2004 India's first exclusive educational satellite.
31. HAMSAT 05.05.2005 Microsatellite for providing satellite based Amateur Radio Services to the national as well as the international community (HAMs).
32. INSAT-4A 22.12.2005 The most advanced satellite for Direct-to-Home television broadcasting services.
33. INSAT-4C 10.07.2006 State-of-the-art communication satellite - could not be placed in orbit.
34. INSAT-4B 12.03.2007 An identical satellite to INSAT-4A further augment the INSAT capacity for Direct-To-Home (DTH) television services and other communications.
35. INSAT-4CR 02.09.2007 Designed to provide Direct-To-home (DTH) television services, Video Picture Transmission (VPT) and Digital Satellite News Gathering (DSNG), identical to INSAT- 4C .
Indian Remote Sensing Satellite (IRS)
36. IRS-1A 17.03.1988 First operational remote sensing satellite. Launched by a Russian Vostok.
37. IRS-1B 29.08.1991 Same as IRS-1A. Launched by a Russian Launch vehicle, Vostok. Still in service.
38. IRS-1E 20.09.1993 Carried remote sensing payloads. Could not be placed in orbit.
39. IRS-P2 15.10.1994 Carried remote sensing payload. Launched by second developmental flight of PSLV.
40. IRS-1C 28.12.1995 Carries advanced remote sensing cameras. Launched by Russian Molniya launch vehicle. Still in service.
41. IRS-P3 21.03.1996 Carries remote sensing payload and an X-ray astronomy payload. Launched by third developmental flight of PSLV. Still in service.
42. IRS-1D 29.09.1997 Same as IRS-1C. Launched by India's PSLV service. In service.
43. IRS-P4 Oceansat 26.05.1999 Carries an Ocean Colour Monitor (OCM) and a Multi-frequency Scanning Microwave Radiometer (MSMR), Launched by India's PSLV-C2,
44. Technology Experiment Satellite (TES) 22.10.2001 Technology Experiment Satellite Launched by PSLV-C3 .
45. IRS-P6 Resourcesat-1 17.10.2003 Launched by PSLV - C5, carries three camera, names, LISS-4, LISS-3 and AwiFS
46. CARTOSAT -1 05.05.2005 Launched by PSLV-C6, carries two panchromatic cameras - PAN (fore) and PAN (aft) - with 2.5 meter resolution. The cam mounted with a tilt of +26 deg and -5 deg along the track to provide stereo images.
47. CARTOSAT - 2 10.01.2007 Launched by PSLV-C7, it is an advanced remote sensing satellite carrying a panchromatic camera capable of providing scene specific spot imageries.
48. SRE - 1 10.01.2007 Launched by PSLV-C7, Space capsule Recovery Experiment (SRE-1), intended to demonstrate the technology of an orbiting platform for performing experiments in microgravity conditions. SRE-1 was recovered successfully after 12 days over Bay of Bengal.
49. CARTOSAT-2A 28.04.2008 Identical to CARTOSAT - 2, launched by PSLV-C9
50. IMS-1 28.04.2008 Launched by PSLV-C9 along with CARTOSAT-2A and other Eight Nanosatellites
Important Satellites
Launched By
INDIA
Aryabhata
Aryabhata was India's first unmanned Earth satellite built by India. It was named for a prominent Indian astronomer and mathematician of the 5th century ad. The satellite was assembled at Peenya, near Bangalore, but was launched from within the Soviet Union by a Russian-made rocket on April 19, 1975. Aryabhata weighed 794 pounds (360 kilograms) and was instrumented to explore conditions in the Earth's ionosphere, measure neutrons and gamma rays from the Sun, and perform investigations in X-ray astronomy. The scientific instruments had to be switched off during the fifth day in orbit because of a failure in the satellite's electrical power system. Useful information, nevertheless, was collected during the five days of operation. satellite, named after the great Indian astronomer of the same name. It was launched by the Soviet Union on 19 April 1975 from Kapustin Yar using a Cosmos-3M launch vehicle. Aryabhata was built by the Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) to conduct experiments related to astronomy. The satellite reentered the Earth's atmosphere on 11 February 1992.
INSAT
INSAT or the Indian National Satellite System is a series of multipurpose Geo-Stationary satellites launched by ISRO to satisfy the telecommunications, broadcasting, meteorology, and "search and rescue" needs of India. Commissioned in 1983, INSAT is the largest domestic communication system in the Asia-Pacific Region. It is a joint venture of the Department of Space, Department of Telecommunications, India Meteorological Department, All India Radio and Doordarshan. The overall coordination and management of INSAT system rests with the Secretary-level INSAT Coordination Committee.
INSAT satellites provide 199 transponders in various bands (C, S, Extended C and Ku) to serve the television and communication needs of India. Some of the satellites also have the Very High Resolution Radiometer (VHRR), CCD cameras for metrological imaging. The satellites also incorporate transponder(s) for receiving distress alert signals for search and rescue missions in the South Asian and Indian Ocean Region, as ISRO is a member of the Cospas-Sarsat programme.
The Indian National Satellite (INSAT) system was commissioned with the launch of INSAT-1B in August 1983 (INSAT-1A, the first satellite was launched in April 1982 but could not fulfill the mission). INSAT system ushered in a revolution in India's television and radio broadcasting, telecommunications and meteorological sectors. It enabled the rapid expansion of TV and modern telecommunication facilities to even the remote areas and off-shore islands. Today, INSAT has become the largest domestic communication satellite system in the Asia-Pacific region with ten satellites in service -- INSAT-2E, INSAT-3A, INSAT-3B, INSAT-3C, INSAT-3E, KALPANA-1, GSAT-2, EDUSAT, INSAT-4A and INSAT-4B. Together, the system provides 199 transponders in C, Extended C and Ku bands for a variety of communication services. Some of the INSATs also carry instruments for meteorological observation and data relay for providing meteorological services. KALPANA-1 is an exclusive meteorological satellite. The satellites are monitored and controlled by Master Control Facilities that exist in Hassan and Bhopal.
Ariane Passenger PayLoad Experiment (APPLE)
The Ariane Passenger PayLoad Experiment (APPLE), was an experimental communication satellite with a C-Band transponder launched by Indian Space Research Organisation satellite on June 19, 1981 by Ariane, a launch vehicle of the European Space Agency (ESA) from Centre Spatial Guyanais near Kourou in French Guiana. It was India's first three-axis stabilised experimental Geostationary communication satellite. On July 16, 1981, the satellite was positioned at 102° E longitude. The 350 kg satellite served as testbed of the Indian telecommunications space relay infrastructure despite the failure of one solar panel to deploy. It was used in several communication experiments including relay of TV programmes and radio networking. It was a cylindrical spacecraft measuring 1.2 meters in diameter and 1.2 meter high. Its payload consisted of two 6/4 GHz transponders connected to a 0.9 meter diameter parabolic antenna. It went out of service on September 19, 1983.
Bhaskara
Bhaskara-I and II Satellites were two satellites built by the Indian space program that formed India's first low orbit Earth Observation Satellite.They collected data on telemetry, oceanography, hydrology.
Bhaskara-I- Bhaskara-I, weighing 444 kg at launch, was launched on June 7, 1979 from Kapustin Yar aboard the Intercosmos launch vehicle. It was placed in an orbital Perigee and Apogee of 394 km and 399 km at an inclination of 50.7°.[1] The satellite consisted of-
• Two television cameras operating in visible (0.6 micrometre) and near-infrared (0.8 micrometre) and collected data related to hydrology, forestry and geology.
• Satellite microwave radiometer (SAMIR) operating at 19 GHz and 22 GHz for study of ocean-state, water vapor, liquid water content in the atmosphere, etc.
The satellite provided ocean and land surface data. However, the cameras malfunctioned. Housekeeping telemetry was received until re-entry on 17 February 1989.
Bhaskara II – Bhaskara II, weighing 436 kg, was launched on November 20, 1981 from Kapustin Yar. It was declared operational after receipt of 300 television images of the Indian sub-continent. The housekeeping telemetry was still being received until 1991. It re-entered orbit on 30 November 1991.It was placed in an orbital Perigee and Apogee of 368 km and 372 km at an inclination of 50.7°
Rohini
Rohini is the name given to a series of satellites launched by the Indian Space Research Organisation. The Rohini series consisted of four satellites, all of which were launched by the Indian Satellite Launch Vehicle (SLV) and three of which made it successfully to orbit. The series were mostly experimental satellites launched on the experimental launch vehicle SLV.
Overview
• Rohini 1A (Launched on: 10 August 1979)
o The launch of the SLV failed.
• Rohini 1B (Launched on: 18 July 1980)
o The launch of SLV was a success. The satellite provided data on the 4th stage of the SLV.
• Rohini 2 (Launched on: 31 May 1981)
o The launch of the SLV was a partial success as the satellite did not reach the intended height and thus it only stayed in orbit for 9 days. The satellite carried a solid state camera and performed to specifications.
• Rohini 3 (Launched on: 17 April 1983)
o The launch was a success and the satellite was in operation for five months, its main payload was a Smart sensor camera which took over 2500 pictures. The camera had the capability to take pictures both in Visible and infrared bands
Future Projects
ISRO is planning a second Chandrayaan mission, named Chandrayaan-2. According to chairman G. Madhavan Nair, ISRO hopes, as part of this mission, to land a motorised rover on the moon in 2010 or 2011. An agreement for the mission was signed on November 12, 2007 with the Russian Federal Space Agency. According to the release on ISRO's website, ISRO will have the prime responsibility for the orbiter and Roskosmos will be responsible for the lander/rover. A Mars orbiter is also under discussion, with a proposed date as early as 2012, though no concrete funding decisions for such a mission have been made yet.
ISRO also plans to undertake a totally indigenous manned space exploration in the next decade and is planning to send a person into space by 2014. Some technologies needed for a manned mission are already under development and ISRO has already set up a Deep Space Network in Byalalu village near Bangalore. The Indian Deep Space Network consists mainly of two powerful dish antennas measuring 32 metres and 18 metres in diameter to track all its future space missions. A third antenna measuring 11 meters in diameter will be erected for the ASTROSAT mission. ISRO is also planning to study the Sun. Scientists at ISRO are in the advanced stage of designing a spacecraft, named Aditya, to study the corona – the outermost region of the Sun
ISRO has started the development of the its next launch vehicle, known as the GSLV Mark-III, which has an indigenous cryogenic engine capable of launching satellites weighing up to 6 tons in the final configuration. ISRO will be launching various satellites for European and Russian space programs including Agile and the GLONASS series of navigation satellites. In December 2005, during the annual Indo-Russian summit in Moscow, the two states agreed on joint development of the GLONASS-K series, which will be launched by Indian launchers. ISRO also plans to launch payloads RISAT, ASTROSAT, OCEANSAT series, INSAT series, CARTOSAT series, and GSAT series over the next couple of years. The RLV-TD, a technology demonstrator of possible scramjet launch technology, will fly around 2008. ISRO's most advanced earth observation satellite under development is CARTOSAT-3, which will have a resolution of 0.30 metre.
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